Boston’s South End has a rich history of Black entrepreneurship. In the late nineteenth century, the Black population grew significantly because large groups of Southern Black African American migrants and West Indians (from Jamaica and Barbados) moved to the South End. Black Residents formed their own congregation of the Episcopalian Church, “The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church,” which soon became the largest Black church in Boston. Black Bostonians in the South End supported their community not only through religious work but also through their businesses. Organizations founded by Black women, such as the Professional Black Women’s Business Club and the Women’s Service, a social organization that supported all types of Bostonians, from veterans to young mothers, provided necessary resources for the Black community to thrive. Madame Mary L. Johnson, a well-known resident of Boston’s South End,  ran “Johnson’s Hair Store,” a Black-owned business with her husband. Madame Johnson’s products became so popular she opened up “Johnson’s School of Beauty Culture” to provide technical training to young Black women in the neighborhood. Community organizations and local businesses in the Black South End uplifted and strengthened Black Bostonians in the pre-twentieth century.